
Farmed at the same time as wheat and barley, the lentil’s effect on human society has been less celebrated. Why?
Archaeologists digging at an ancient, abandoned settlement at Gurga Chiya in Iraqi Kurdistan had a simple way to tell what was mud wall and what was the interior of a room. The dirt that had filled the settlement’s chambers in the thousands of years since its abandonment was packed – simply packed – with lentils.
Wheat and barley get a lot of play as some of the first plants domesticated at the beginning of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent region. But the lentil was there, too. How long has this humble legume been with us, and when and why was it tamed?

Civilisations began to farm lentils at about the same time as wheat and barley, says Hugo R Oliveira, a geneticist who studies the diminutive pulse at the Universidade do Algarve in Portugal. They are part of a pattern around the world where people first turned to agriculture, rather than hunting and gathering. “In all of them, there’s always a cereal and there’s always a legume,” Oliveira says. He numbers them off: In Mesoamerica, maize and beans; in West Africa, sorghum and cowpeas; in East Asia, rice and soybeans. And in the Middle East? Wheat, barley and lentils.
That’s likely because the cereals and grains pack a carb-heavy punch for quick energy, Oliveira says, while the legumes give protein – protein is behind around 25% of lentils’ calories. You can build a complex society on that pairing, and many times over the course of human history, people have. In the ancient Middle East, lentils were one of the main sources of protein, far more important in most people’s diets than meat or animal products.
“That is still relevant for today’s world,” said Oliveira. “In the developed world, we tend to think the main source of protein is meat. But in low and middle-income countries, the main source of protein is still plant-based.” The Ancient Egyptians were likely the same; the pyramids were built by people who were fuelled by lentils, peas and chickpeas.
Curious about the process that took the lentil from wild plant to the foundation stone of civilisation, Oliveira and his colleagues sequenced the DNA of domesticated lentils held in gene banks, as well as numerous wild relatives. They found that today’s crop is the descendant of a single wild species, Lens orientalis, and domestication was centred in the Fertile Crescent, though the data doesn’t allow us to pinpoint exactly where lentils were first grown as a crop.
What’s more, the DNA information they’ve generated may help researchers identify the genetic underpinnings of traits like resistance to extreme heat and diseases.

But as the world’s climate grows increasingly erratic, farmers and breeders will be faced with challenges they’ve never seen before. “With climate change happening as fast as it is,” says Oliveira, “we are going to have to speed up plant breeding.”
He hopes that the traits of lentils’ wild relatives, such as resistance to disease and the ability to survive tough environmental conditions, can be bred into domesticated varieties. “[Lentils] are quite sturdy. You can find them in Scandinavia, and in oases in Yemen,” he says. “It’s very unexplored [the potential of this crop]. There’s a lot of biodiversity that has not been tapped.”
Perhaps we will once again fill our more than our cupboards with the little legumes, and in thousands of years archaeologists will be once again be astounded by the bounty preserved on our shelves.
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